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A non-Kohen must not eat Terumah

The Luchos - Ten Commandments
וְכׇל־זָ֖ר לֹא־יֹ֣אכַל קֹ֑דֶשׁ תּוֹשַׁ֥ב כֹּהֵ֛ן וְשָׂכִ֖יר לֹא־יֹ֥אכַל קֹֽדֶשׁ׃ - פָּרָשַׁת אֱמוֹר
Leviticus 22:10 - "No non kohen may eat holy things; a kohen's resident and his hireling may not eat holy things."

This Mitzvah's Summary

מִצְוָה עֲשֵׂה - Positive Commandment
מִצְוָה לֹא תַעֲשֶׂה - Negative Commandment
Agriculture – חַקְלָאוּת

It is forbidden for a non-Kohen to eat Terumah, which is designated only for Kohanim and their households.

This mitzvah establishes that Terumah, separated from Israel’s produce, is sanctified food reserved exclusively for Kohanim and their families. A “zar” (non-Kohen) may not partake of it, even accidentally. Eating Terumah improperly is a severe transgression, as it desecrates what has been sanctified to Hashem and entrusted to the priestly service.
The restriction ensures that holiness remains guarded and that the Kohanim’s unique role in serving Hashem is honored.

Commentary & Classical Explanation:

  • Rambam (Hilchot Terumot 6:1): States that a “zar” includes any non-Kohen, even a Levi, who is forbidden to eat Terumah.
  • Sefer HaChinuch (Mitzvah 510): Explains that the purpose is to preserve sanctity by restricting holy foods to those appointed to serve in Hashem’s Temple.
  • Talmud (Yevamot 88a): Rules that one who eats Terumah improperly is liable for death by Heaven (mitah bidei shamayim) and must also repay its value with an added fifth.
  • Rashi (Leviticus 22:10): Clarifies that the verse excludes both a tenant worker and a hired servant of a Kohen, underscoring that only his family and household may eat of the Terumah.
(Source: Chabad.org)

Applying this Mitzvah Today

Notes on this Mitzvah's Fundamentals

Faith – אֱמוּנָה

  • Sefer HaChinuch (Mitzvah 510) notes that respecting the sanctity of Terumah expresses faith in Hashem’s chosen order. Trusting His allocation — that only Kohanim partake — affirms belief in His wisdom and providence.

Holiness – קְדֻשָּׁה

  • Rambam (Hilchot Terumot 6:1) rules that Terumah carries inherent sanctity, permitted only to Kohanim and their households. Restricting access safeguards holiness from being diminished or profaned.

Purity – טָהֳרָה

  • Talmud (Yevamot 88a) establishes that Terumah must be consumed in purity, and a non-Kohen may not eat of it at all. This highlights how purity laws preserve the sanctity of sacred foods.

Priests – כֹּהֲנִים

  • Rashi (Leviticus 22:10) explains that Terumah is set aside specifically for Kohanim and their families, reflecting their unique service to Hashem and their dependence on holy gifts.

Levites – לְוִיִּם

  • Rambam clarifies that even Levites, though elevated among Israel, are still considered “zarim” regarding Terumah. This distinction honors the Kohanim’s higher level of sanctity.

Justice – צֶדֶק

  • Restricting Terumah to its rightful recipients ensures fairness in distribution. Allowing outsiders to eat it would be theft from the Kohanim, undermining justice and equity.

Community – קְהִלָּה

  • The mitzvah safeguards community order, maintaining respect for sacred roles. By recognizing boundaries, Israel strengthens the system that sustains Torah service.

Agriculture – חַקְלָאוּת

  • Terumah arises directly from the harvest. Its sanctification elevates agricultural labor into spiritual service, binding produce with holiness.

Terumah / Ma’aser – תְּרוּמָה / מַעֲשֵׂר

  • Rambam equates Terumat Ma’aser and Terumah Gedolah in their sanctity, highlighting this mitzvah as part of the broader framework of agricultural separations.

Eretz Yisrael – אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל

  • Talmud (Kiddushin 38b) teaches that Terumah is biblically binding only in the Land of Israel, reinforcing the sanctity of the land and its produce.

Bein Adam L’Makom – בֵּין אָדָם לְמָקוֹם

  • This mitzvah expresses reverence for Hashem by honoring the boundaries He established. Eating Terumah improperly is not only theft but a desecration of holiness, making it a violation between man and G-d.

This Mitzvah's Fundamental Badges

Faith - אֱמוּנָה

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Represents Emunah—the deep, inner trust in Hashem’s presence, oneness, and constant involvement in our lives. This badge symbolizes a heartfelt connection to G-d, rooted in belief even when we cannot see. It is the emotional and spiritual core of many mitzvot.

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Holiness - קְדֻשָּׁה

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Represents the concept of  spiritual intentionality, purity, and sanctity—set apart for a higher purpose.

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Between a person and G-d - בֵּין אָדָם לְמָקוֹם

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Mitzvot that define and deepen the relationship between a person and their Creator. These include commandments involving belief, prayer, Shabbat, festivals, sacrifices, and personal holiness — acts rooted in divine connection rather than human interaction.

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