26

Not to blaspheme

The Luchos - Ten Commandments
אֱלֹהִ֖ים לֹ֣א תְקַלֵּ֑ל וְנָשִׂ֥יא בְעַמְּךָ֖ לֹ֥א תָאֹֽר׃ - פָּרָשַׁת מִשְׁפָּטִים
Exodus 22:27 - "You shall not curse a judge, neither shall you curse a prince among your people."

This Mitzvah's Summary

מִצְוָה עֲשֵׂה - Positive Commandment
מִצְוָה לֹא תַעֲשֶׂה - Negative Commandment
Core Beliefs – יְסוֹדוֹת הָאֱמוּנָה

We are forbidden to blaspheme Hashem or curse His Name.

This mitzvah prohibits cursing or reviling Hashem, which constitutes blasphemy (birkat Hashem). Rambam (Hilchot Avodat Kochavim 2:7) rules that one who blasphemes desecrates the essence of faith. Sefer HaChinuch (Mitzvah 69) explains that blasphemy strikes at the foundation of Torah, for it denies honor to the Creator.

The Talmud (Sanhedrin 56a–60a) teaches that blasphemy is one of the seven Noahide laws, making it forbidden for all humanity. Rashi clarifies that even cursing Hashem’s attributes is included. Ramban adds that blasphemy undermines reverence for Heaven, and therefore Torah warns against it with special severity. Midrash (Sifra Kedoshim 4) notes that words of curse against Hashem bring spiritual impurity, severing one from holiness.

Commentary & Classical Explanation:

  • Rambam (Avodat Kochavim 2:7): Blasphemy desecrates Hashem’s essence.
  • Sefer HaChinuch (69): Forbids blasphemy as an assault on Torah’s foundation.
  • Talmud (Sanhedrin 56a–60a): Blasphemy forbidden for Jew and non-Jew alike.
  • Rashi (Ex. 22:27): Includes cursing Hashem’s attributes.
  • Ramban: Denying reverence through words severs one from Hashem.
  • Midrash (Sifra Kedoshim 4): Curse creates impurity and alienation from holiness.

Contrast with Sanctifying the Name (Mitzvah 6):

  • Mitzvah 6 commands Kiddush Hashem, to bring honor to Hashem’s Name.
  • Mitzvah 26 forbids Chilul Hashem, reviling His Name through words.
  • Rambam explains the two are complements: one demands positive sanctification, the other forbids its opposite.

Parallel to Martyrdom – Kiddush Hashem:

  • Blasphemy is the opposite of sanctification, as seen in Sanhedrin 74a.
  • Midrash Tanchuma (Emor 3) emphasizes that martyrdom sanctifies Hashem’s Name, while blasphemy desecrates it.
(Source: Chabad.org)

Applying this Mitzvah Today

Guarding Speech about the Divine

  • Rambam (Hilchot Avodat Kochavim 2:7) rules that blasphemy — verbally degrading Hashem — is a severe transgression. Today, this mitzvah requires reverence in how we speak about G-d, avoiding casual or disrespectful language, jokes, or irreverent references to the Divine in everyday speech.

Digital and Public Discourse

  • In the age of social media, blasphemy can spread quickly in memes, comments, or online discussions. Sefer HaChinuch (Mitzvah 69) explains that blasphemy erodes reverence for Hashem, and when done publicly, it harms communal faith. This mitzvah today calls for vigilance in digital forums, ensuring Hashem’s Name is treated with dignity.

Reverence in Learning and Prayer

  • Talmud (Sanhedrin 56a) identifies blasphemy as one of the prohibitions even for non-Jews, underscoring its universal weight. For Jews, the mitzvah is bound to the holiness of prayer and Torah study, requiring that sacred words be pronounced with kavod, not levity.

Strengthening Awe and Faith

  • Ramban (Exod. 22:27) explains that blasphemy denies Hashem’s kingship and weakens yirat shamayim. In a contemporary context, this mitzvah teaches Jews to sanctify Hashem through careful language, counteracting a culture where irreverence is common.

Building Counterculture Respect

  • Midrash Tanchuma (Kedoshim 10) states: “The mouth that speaks Torah should not utter disgrace.” In societies where irreverence and mockery dominate public discourse, refraining from blasphemy is a countercultural statement of faith and loyalty to Hashem.

Notes on this Mitzvah's Fundamentals

Core Beliefs – יְסוֹדוֹת הָאֱמוּנָה

  • Rambam (Avodat Kochavim 2:7) says blasphemy undermines Torah’s foundation by denying honor to Hashem. Sefer HaChinuch (69) calls it a root sin against belief itself. Talmud (Sanhedrin 60a) affirms that blasphemy violates Israel’s covenantal faith.

Faith – אֱמוּנָה

  • Ramban explains that faith requires honoring Hashem through word and thought; cursing Him erodes emunah. Rashi warns that even disparaging Divine attributes weakens trust in His governance. Midrash (Sifra Kedoshim) stresses that blasphemy darkens the soul’s relationship with faith.

Reverence – יִרְאַת שָׁמַיִם

  • Talmud (Sanhedrin 56a) teaches that blasphemy is judged with capital severity because it erases awe of Heaven. Rambam (Yesodei HaTorah 5:1) says true reverence means avoiding any degrading word against Hashem. Midrash highlights that reverence is displayed not only in deed but also in guarded speech.

Speech – דָּבָר

  • Talmud (Arachin 15b) equates misuse of speech with bloodshed and idolatry. Rashi explains that words shape spiritual reality, and speech against Hashem desecrates holiness. Sefer HaChinuch (69) writes that Torah restrains the tongue from its gravest misuse: blasphemy.

Holiness – קְדֻשָּׁה

  • Ramban (Lev. 19:2) notes that holiness requires sanctity of word, not just deed. Midrash Tanchuma (Emor 3) states that curses bring impurity, while blessings bring kedushah. Sefer HaChinuch explains that holiness is bound to how we speak of Hashem.

Martyrdom – קִידּוּשׁ הַשֵּׁם

  • Talmud (Sanhedrin 74a) lists blasphemy as a cause for martyrdom — one must give his life rather than blaspheme. Rambam codifies this in Yesodei HaTorah 5:2. Midrash emphasizes the contrast: sanctifying Hashem’s Name with life or death vs. desecrating it with speech.

Bein Adam L’Makom – בֵּין אָדָם לְמָקוֹם

  • Rambam says blasphemy directly violates the covenant with Hashem, not with people. Talmud (Sanhedrin 56a) includes it among the Noahide laws, showing its universal weight. Ramban affirms that it is a sin only between man and G-d, cutting one off from the Divine.

This Mitzvah's Fundamental Badges

Core Beliefs - יְסוֹדוֹת הָאֱמוּנָה

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Used for mitzvot that reflect Judaism’s foundational principles—belief in G-d, reward and punishment, prophecy, Torah from Heaven, and more. These commandments shape the lens through which all others are understood.

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Faith - אֱמוּנָה

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Represents Emunah—the deep, inner trust in Hashem’s presence, oneness, and constant involvement in our lives. This badge symbolizes a heartfelt connection to G-d, rooted in belief even when we cannot see. It is the emotional and spiritual core of many mitzvot.

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Reverence - יִרְאַת שָׁמַיִם

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Signifies awe and reverence toward Hashem—living with awareness of His greatness and presence.

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Speech - דָּבָר

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Pertains to the power of speech—both positive and negative—including lashon hara, vows, and blessings.

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Holiness - קְדֻשָּׁה

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Represents the concept of  spiritual intentionality, purity, and sanctity—set apart for a higher purpose.

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Martyrdom - קִידּוּשׁ הַשֵּׁם

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Represents sanctifying G‑d’s Name—even to the point of self-sacrifice when necessary.

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Between a person and G-d - בֵּין אָדָם לְמָקוֹם

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Mitzvot that define and deepen the relationship between a person and their Creator. These include commandments involving belief, prayer, Shabbat, festivals, sacrifices, and personal holiness — acts rooted in divine connection rather than human interaction.

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